Roman Empire: Routes & Network on Line Calculator Land and Maritime Stanford University has a calculator of sea and land routes, which existed in the Roman Empire. ( ORBIS) . The calculator has land routes, maritime coast and offshore, used during the Empire. You can calculate the distance and the estimated time according to the season of the year. Also the cost of the transfer in denarii. Below are the examples Roman Empire: Roads Calculator Start of the application. With the …
According to the vision of the World Economic Forum, tourism in 2020 will be a world in which smart visas facilitate travel for 2 billion global travelers. These travelers will enjoy all travel rewards, boosting global employment through new tourist jobs.
Commercial revenues will also be improved, investment and new fiscal revenues will be boosted to improve infrastructure. This is the kind of resilient dynamism that was discussed at the Davos Forum (Switzerland) and will provide a plan for a more integrated and sustainable future tourism.
2019: 1.45 Billion
By 2019, the UNWTO expects that the growth of international tourists will be between 3% and 4%, compared to 2018: More in line with historical growth trends. The most visited countries in 2018 were France,Spain, the United States, Italy, China and Mexico.
Overall, the growth of 2018 was led by the growth of the Middle East (+ 10%). Africa (+ 7%). Asia-Pacific and Europe(both with 6% more). Arrivals in the Americas were below the world average (+ 3%).
Paris - France: How Many People Travel the World in 2020?
2018: 1.3 Billon - Travelers on the Rise Every Year
The number of international tourists in the world maintained its strong growth in 2018, with a rise of 6% to 1.3 billion people. Estimated the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). The organization, whose study includes those international tourists who overnight in the site they visit, was pleased that the increase was located "clearly above the growth of 3.7% of the world economy."
The increase was driven mainly by visits to the Middle East (+ 10% to 64 million tourists). Africa (7% to 67 million). Europe (6% to 713 million). The UN agency said in a statement. based in Madrid.
Madrid - Spain: How Many People Travel the World in 2020?
Tourism "is today one of the most powerful engines of economic growth and development globally," said Zurab Pololikashvili, UNWTO secretary-general, quoted in the statement. Therefore, it must be managed in a "sustainable manner" so that it translates into "real benefits for all countries" and "all communities, creating opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship and leaving no one behind," he said.
Netherlands: How Many People Travel the World in 2020?
The Growth of Tourism exceeds the World Average
By 2019, the UNWTO expects that the growth of international tourists will be between 3 and 4%, "more in line with the historical growth trends". However, Pololikashvili recalled that there are "political risks or natural disasters" that call into question these forecasts, although their policy is to be prepared for any of them. On the question of 'Brexit', the Secretary General of the UNWTO has conveyed his peace of mind because the country is preparing to get connections with other countries.
Las vegas - USA How Many People Travel the World in 2020?
The Americas received 217 million international arrivals in 2018, 3% more, with mixed results in all destinations. Growth was led by North America (+ 4%) and South America(+ 3%). Central America and the Caribbean, both with a decrease of 2%. Reflecting the impact of the hurricanes of September 2017 Irma and Maria.
Data from Africa point to an increase of 7% in 2018. Middle East increase 10%, showed good results consolidating its 2017 recovery, with international tourist arrivals reaching 64 million. That is why many people are expected to travel the world in 2019
Ecotourism Development
In addition, the UNWTO secretary general stressed that the organization is focusing on the development of ecotourism and rural tourism, "where the future is". And on developing the different regions through education and employment so that they can be consolidated as Destinations.
How many People Travel the World : The UNWTO published some recommendations for countries and cities around the world to overcome the 'tourismphobia'. Since "the priority is still urban tourism", and recalled that in April there will be a summit with mayors of the Great tourist cities to collect their recommendations.
Cruises: How Many People Travel the World ?
In summary for the year 2020, answering the question, How Many People will Travel the World ? : about 2.0 Billon viewers and tourists are expected to visit the world.
Medieval Treadwheel Crane in Cathedral of Strasbourg
We visited the Cathedral of Strasbourg
The Cathedral of Strasbourg was the first cathedral of Germany (or Kingdom of Germania). Until the arrival of Louis XIV in 1681 and his minister of the war, the Marquess of Louvois that camped in the environs of Strasbourg and forced their submission to the French monarchy the 30 of September of 1681.
Medieval Treadwheel Crane in the Cathedral of strasbourg Walking paths
The Cathedral was delivered by the same Luis XIV The head of the Catholic bishopric of Strasbourg, Egon de Furstenberg. Absent from the city for almost 150 years, that way ended the period as an independent city.
The Cathedral
Designed in Gothic style, it was built during the second half of the 13th century. Although originally planned as a Romanesque structure, in 1053 today there is only the crypt and the floor of that style. At the end of the main chapel, the decision was taken to construct the nave in the Gothic style (1250).
The walls were open with Gothic stained glass but the interior remained predominantly Romanesque. The main colonnades were Romanic style. And they also supported the arches. They were very separate. The proportions of the ship are 1: 2.5.
Cathedral of Strasbourg
Medieval Treadwheel Crane - Cathedral Strasbourg
It is accessed by the side of the Cathedral, to a door that leads to a spiral staircase stone, without breaks. At the end of it before accessing the terrace on the left side you can see the Medieval Treadwheel Crane.
Medieval Treadwheel Crane in the Cathedral of strasbourg Walking paths
The same one that was used in the construction of the Cathedral. And it's still there. It was customary to leave the cranes in their original location after completion of the work, for maintenance or repair.
Medieval Treadwheel Crane Carpenters
The Medieval treadwheel crane Cathedral of Strasbourg is made of wood, manufactured by the carpenters. Like carvers, carpenters were a relatively privileged category of craftsmen. Considered for a long time the absolute masters of construction, its prestige began to decline as early as the 11th century with the generalization of stone vaults, which concealed from view its wooden structures.
Since then, both guilds have fought, sometimes with violence, the primacy in the construction works. But they had to remain closely linked because they had no choice but to depend on one another.
The Carpenters Masters
The master carpenter directed all the works in wood, that were developed from the beginning to the end of the work. He was a very skilled technician, who could discuss with the architect the timber structures to be lifted, both permanent and temporary.
The rigging, ladders and scaffolding that would be used by masons, sculptors and glaziers to work at different heights, inside and outside the building were all made of wood.
AstronomicClock of Medieval Cathedral of Strasbourg
They also built support machinery to lift stones and other materials. Wheel cranes, also called spinning "squirrels" and three-up raisers, are inside these machines.
The Navy Carpenters of The Crane
Treadwheel Crane in the Cathedral of strasbourg
The treadwheel crane was a piece that required a great technical skill. Perfect assemblies and combinations of forces show their relationship with naval carpentry. In regions with a strong maritime tradition, carpentry teachers shared the construction of cathedrals with work in the shipyards building ships. Both civilian and military.
The main application was the port cranes. Imitations can now be observed in different parts of Europe.
CONCLUSIONS
As can be seen in the photos this treadwheel crane is for two operators. While the word operators today is used to operate a mechanical crane, here is another thing. Two people, one on each side walk in synchronized form to lift a weight, to the control of a master of crane.
Medieval Treadwheel Crane in the Cathedral of strasbourg Walking paths
We have no idea of the capacity of this particular crane, but it can be said that approximately would be for about 1500 to 3000 lb, taking into account the external diameter of the wheel. This would be about 4.5 yards. For those who visit the cathedral of Strasbourg, before accessing the terrace, you can appreciate this legacy artifact of other times.
Do you want to travel to France by car but have no idea what to do first?
What is necessary to travel around France and enjoy it, without having a nervous breakdown?
Do you go to another country in Europe and have to cross France by road?
Will you need to have an car accident lawyer on standby in case you're involved in an accident?
Okay. The first thing that is needed is a lot of money. If you have it, stop reading and book a luxury hotel here. This post is not for you.
Now, if you have a more limited budget. This is the right place
Here we go
Know what are the rules of circulation in France
If you have ever driven in any foreign country or if it is the first time you do it, you should know that France is a country where you travel in a similar way as in the United States of America. The rules that you must respect are very similar
All passengers traveling in France must wear a seatbelt. Children up to 10 years old will have to go with a restraint system approved by the EU, according to their height and weight. The fine for not wearing the seat belt can reach U$S 200.
Road Map of France
Use of the mobile phone while driving
In France the use of the mobile phone with the hands is forbidden. The penalty can reach U$S 200.
Breathalyzer rates in France
Breathalyzer limits for driving in France are:
Allowed alcohol level in blood max. 0.5 g / l.
Permitted alcohol rate in aspirated air 0.25 mg / l.
In case of exceeding these limits, the economic penalty would be U$S 200. and you could not drive in French territory for 3 years. With a rate of 0.8 g / l in blood (0.4 mg / l in aspirated air), the economic penalty could be up toU$S 5000., plus 3 years without being able to drive in French territory.
The use of narcotics to drive is also prohibited.
Motels
If you travel by car, you may need a hotel on the road. Hy several companies.If you travel by car, you may need a hotel on the road. Hy several companies. We do not recommend especially one. Just follow the booking link and compare prices and services. Place the nearest city on the search panel and locate on the map.
Campanile
Ibis Budget
Formule 1
Speed Limits
The limits of speed by road vary in function of the meteorological conditions. There is a maximum speed limit for when the weather is good, another for when it rains and another in conditions of poor visibility. The speed limits in France are.
NORMAL VISIBILITY CONDITIONS
WITH RAIN
Highways
130
110
Urban highways, two-lane roads separated
110
100
Other ways
90
80
Urban roads/Small Towns
50/30
50/30
Keep in mind that, in France there are fixed and mobile radars. The fixed radars ones are usually warned in advance by a signal and focus in front.
Triangle and emergency vest
A reflective safety vest and a triangle must be carried in the vehicle. This is like in Spain. The penalty can be up to U$S 200
Oh no! Carry a Breathalyzer in the car?
This rule is no longer in force, but it was. Because of protests by drivers this law was modified in 2013 and you can not punish a driver for not wearing it. Only if they stop you on the road can they recommend you take it. Only one recommendation. No fines for that reason.
First aid kit
This rule is only mandatory if you are going to travel through France for a long period of time. If you are only visiting or on vacation, it is not compulsory to bring the first aid kit in the car
Travel to France by Car: Tolls
If the roads of France are known for something, it is because of the large ( very) number of tolls that must be paid to travel. Most motorways are tolls and usually accept, in addition to cash, credit and debit cards.
Tip: Carry coins. The machines where you pay with a card do not always work.
Another Tip more. The right lane with green arrow is the one that is manually enabled, attended by a person
Travel to France by Car: Parking
Regulated parking areas in France are usually located within urban centers and are usually areas with parking meters marked on the ground with colored lines. You have to pay for parking on weekdays from 9 am to 12 am and from 2 pm to 6 pm, but you should check in each case and ensure the local time by checking the signs on the street
Rest areas and service stations on the roads of France
When making a stop, there are two main options: do it in a rest area or at a service station. The two options are very good. for the quantity and quality of services they offer. Especially in service stations. On the French routes there are many rest areas and high quality services
Rest areas
They usually have a green area and another with parking. They have facilities with bathrooms, recreational areas for children with games for them. And also areas to eat. They can also be a great place to take a break and let your familly know that you are okay by calling them. If you wanted to, you could even call your pets too! Some of the 8 Best Pet Cameras on the Market This 2018 are listed here.
Travel to France by Car: Service stations
There is an area with a gas station and another with a restaurant, bathrooms and several shops, as well as green areas. These service areas usually offer everything you need, you can eat in a restaurant or buy prepared food and consume it there. Some bathrooms in these service areas have showers.
Gasoline in France
On the highways they put a sign with the price of fuel at the next service stations, so you can see where it is cheaper to refuel.
Tips: Gasoline is more expensive on highways, than in towns and cities aprox Two Dollars by Litre
Fines in France
In case you are fined in France you should know that you have the right to pay it at the time, in which case a large discount will be applied. You should also know that there is a register of vehicles at the EU level and if it is a rented vehicle, the fine will reach the car rental company. In that case they will be fixed the day of the fine that coincides with the driver's rent and debit them from the credit card. If this is within your possibilities, it is cheaper to pay the fine cash and at that moment
Mobile phones in France
The use of mobile phones when driving is punishable by law and subject to heavy fines.
Tips: guide to travel to France by Car
As of January 2018, roaming has been canceled throughout the European Union. So if you buy a prepaid SIM in France, you can use it to call Germany as if it were local
Rent a vehicle with WIFI. In France it is not easy to get WIFI in public areas
Why not drive around National Parks in France?
Almost 20% of French territory is protected to preserve its extraordinary natural, scenic and cultural values. The geographical situation of France and its climatic and geological diversity make it a varied ecosystem of natural landscapes. And it's very easy to get there by car
The white hills of the Calanques emerge in the turquoise blue of the Mediterranean in the vicinity of Marseille. The National Park of the Calanques (Provence) is a place that you can go hiking, climbing, diving and sea kayaking. To explore the calanques, excursions are hired by boat that sail from the Old Port of Marseille or from Cassis. You can spend the night in the guest rooms of an old castle or in the Hotel Le Cassitel located in the port.
One of the most amazing walking tours of the park is the one that connects the cove of Port-Miou, with more than 500 submerged boats, with that of En-Vau, passing by the small cove of Port-Pin. How to get to the National Park of the Calanques by car?. You have to arrive by the D559 route until the city of Redou.
Centennial trees, pastures, glaciers, lakes and waterfalls are the mark of the National Park of the Pyrenees created in 1967 This park has altitude that is over 1,000 meters and reaches up to 3,300 meters in its highest part. Between New Aquitaine and Occitania, it is the only national park of the French Pyrenean massif. Very far from the north of France as the cities of Strasbourg
It also houses a central area where activities such as grazing and forestry take place, a peripheral area divided into six valleys (Aspe, Ossau, Azun, Cauterets, Luz and Aure) and two national nature reserves (those of Néouvielle and Ossau, which is a nesting area for the griffon vultures). The summer months are the best times to get to know the park and hiking, the best way to go there.
The fauna that inhabits the park is varied and they are marmots, bearded vultures, capercaillies, chamois or griffon vultures. One of its trails is the GR10, which connects the Atlantic with the Mediterranean, crossing the entire park. You can spend the night in a refuge: that of Arlet, sixth stage of the Path of Camille that follows in the footsteps of one of the last bears of the Pyrenees
How to get to the National Park of the Pyrenees by car?. You have to arrive by the A64 route until the city of PAU. from there to the city of Lourdes. Then any route to the south reaches the park
There were hardly any ibexes in the Sierra de la Vanoise in 1963, which led to the protection of the area as a national park. Today, a colony of 1,800 copies converts the Vanoise National Park, in Rhône-Alpes, into the most important ibex reserve in France.
Eagles, lammergeyer, chamois, marmots. Species that always choose the purest and best preserved environments The Vanoise park is located between the valleys of the Maurienne and the Tarantaise, with peaks of more than 3,000 meters, glaciers and narrow valleys.
Your visit is an amazing experience in all seasons of the year. You can go hiking, activity reigns in the park with 500 kilometers of roads. If you are interested in visiting the fantastic world of glaciers, we will visit the Glacialis space. It is an interpretation center installed in the old presbytery of Champagny-le-Haut. There you can discover the mechanics of birth and development of mountain glaciers. You can also walk the glaciological trail that borders the small valley of Champagny-le-Haut, in the company of wild animals such as marmots and ibexes.
For the more adventurous, we can spend the night in one of the park's shelters. Four of them are easily accessible, such as the Le Bois shelter in Champagny-en-Vanoise, where you can delight in the culinary specialties of Savoy. We are talking specifically about Beaufort cheese. You can drive by D1006 motorway.
Travel to France by Car: The Cévennes National Park was built in 1970 in the Languedoc-Mediterranean region and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It has a central inhabited area, in which the relationship between the human seer is by excellent dedas. There are 5,000 kilometers of marked trails for walking, cycling, horseback riding
Park of Port-Cros
On the coast of Provence, between Marseille and Saint-Tropez, is one of the natural paradises of the Mediterranean. it is the National Park of Port-Cros (Provence), created in 1963. The islands of Porquerolles and Port-Cros (central area of ??the park) and Levant (peripheral zone) form an exceptional maritime-terrestrial reserve. It has a valuable landscape, where the cliffs, beaches of fine sand and an original terrestrial and marine fauna and flora count. There are trails with more than 51 kilometers marked that cross its territory. In Port-Cros, there are five military forts, which account for their past. You can drive to Tolon by A60 motorway
Park of Écrins
Écrins National Park, created in 1973 in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Provence region. Located between the Northern Alps and the Southern Alps, it has more than 160 peaks of more than 3,000 meters. Yambien has 11,000 hectares of glaciers and its central zone is only accessible on foot. Hiking is the main activity both in summer and winter (in rackets or hiking) and there you can discover the diversity of the local fauna. You can go hiking in the glaciers.
The village of La Grave, is located 1,500 meters in front of the peak of the Meije (3,984 meters) and is an excellent place for practitioners of mountaineering. The cable car of the Glaciers leaves La Grave and offers an extraordinary landscape on the Alps and takes us to a refuge of height where you can see landscapes amazing.
All these national parks can be accessed by car. Just check the road map or your GPS
Documentation to be carried in the car
Documentation of the car provided by the car rental company
ID, Passport
Driving license
Tips : Travel to France by Car
REFUEL in supermarkets that are outside the cities. It's much cheaper
If you are FINED, pay if you can cash at that time. It's cheaper
EMERGENCY NUMBERS : If you are a witness or a victim of an accident, these are the emergency telephone numbers:
SAMU (Emergency Medical): 15
Rescue Police: 17
Firemen: 18
European Emergency Mobile Number: 112
In France, these numbers are free and are interconnected with the best relief service organizations. Also, if you are a terrestrial witness of a shipwreck at sea, you can c
all 1616, dedicated to maritime emergencies. The 115 is reserved for people who have no resources and who are in danger.
IN CASE OF:
IN CASE OF LOSING YOUR DOCUMENTATION. Make a statement at the police station, who will give you a receipt, and check with your consulate.
LOSS OF KEYS OR OTHER OBJECTS. At the police station, ask for the service number for stolen objects (in Paris, 33 (0) 1 55 76 20 00).
IN CASE OF LOSS OF CAR. At the police station they will register your complaint or they will direct you to the car depot if your badly parked vehicle was taken by the crane.
LOSS OF YOUR BANK CARDS. Please report it as soon as possible at the police station and contact your local supplier: eurocard-mastercard: 33 (0) 1 45 67 84 84 visa: 0892 705 705 diner's-club: 0810 314 159 american express: 33 (0) 1 47 77 72 00
IN CASE OF LOSS OF AN ANIMAL Contact the animal protection society (SPA). Tel .: 33 (0) 1 43 80 40 66
LITIGATION & AGGRESSION
LITIGATION With a hotel, a restaurant ... you have to contact the Departmental Directorate for Competition, Consumer Affairs and Fraud Repression (Direction Départementale de la Concurrence, of the Consommation et de la Répression des Fraudes) of the department where the acts were committed. You can also contact the authorities of your country through your Consulate or your Embassy.
IN CASE OF AGGRESSION, THEFT You can place a complaint: in a gendarmerie or police post in the place closest to the events or, in the Office of the Prosecutor of the Court of first instance in the place of the aggression or of the address of your attacker if you have been able to identify it.
IN THE EVENT OF COMMITTING A CRIME. If you commit a violation, you will be judged in the same way as a French citizen, whether it is a traffic code violation, public transport fraud, drunkenness or taking part in a bar fight . A European number (116 006) has been launched on April 15, 2010. In order to inform you of your rights in case of crime. This number will also allow you to contact the agencies that may intervene to fix the situation: assistance, insurance ..
Miscellaneous
Electricity and plugs: electricity runs at 220 volts, 50 Hz AC. The plugs are of type E (round plug and ground receptacle male connector);
Tips: the prices of bars and restaurants already have the service included (15%), so it is not necessary to leave tips
Hours: banks are usually open from 10am to 5pm, shops from 9am or 10am until 7pm or 8pm, with lunch break, Sunday and holidays are practically all closed, even some tourist offices, keep this in mind ! Many museums close on Mondays, others on Tuesdays
The Saxon Switzerland National Park (Nationalpark Sächsische Schweiz) is southeast of Dresden, and is part of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains, up to the Czech Republic. The surface you are protected is 38,000 hectares of rock formations in the form of towers, originated by the Elbe River, which travelers who make the journey Dresden – Prague can see and be amazed
Kurort Rathen Bastei Germany
The Saxon Switzerland (Sächsische Schweiz), also known as the Elbsandstein hill (Elbsandsteingebirge), is located in the easternmost part of the federal state of Saxony that borders the Czech Republic. On the other side of the border the mountain of the Elbsandstein continues and bears the name of Switzerland Bohemia (Ceske Svycarsko).
